Matériel cathode bi mooy gëna am solo ci ion litium yi ci biirbatëri ion litium. Bu ñuy sarse, ion litium yi dañuy génne ci réseau kristal bi ci macceer cathode bi, daal di dugg ci macceer anode bi; lu ko moy mooy am ci diir bi ñuy decharge. Kàttan giñ mëna delloo ak plato voltage bi ci macceer katod bi ci sarse ak desarse ñooy wane bu bari densité energie bu batëri ion litium. Rax ci dolli, ginaaw liñu defaree katod bi dafa am ay weñ yu melni litium, kobalt, ak nikel, mooy li gëna am solo ci njëgu batëri litium-ion.
Defar ay macceer katod yu am densité energie bu rëy, voltage bu rëy ci génne, dundu gu yàgg, ak yombal defar lu am solo la. Matériel cathode bu baax dafa wara méngoo ak anam yii.
(1) Amna potentiel redox bu rëy, loolu mooy tax batëri bi am voltage bu rëy.
(2) Mën na tëye ion litium yu bari, suko defee batëri bi mëna am kàttan gu bari.
(3) Bu ñuy dugal ak dindi ion litium, meceer cathode bi mën na tëye stabilite structurel bi, suko defee electrode bi mëna dundu lu yàgg.
(4) Amna yoonale elektronik ak ion yu baax, di wàññi bu baax ñàkka am energie biy bawoo ci effet polarisasioŋ, loolu mooy tax batëri bi mëna sarse ak decharge ci lu gaaw.
(5) Voltage bi batëri bi di dox dafa wara nekk ci diggante stabilite electrochimique bu electrolyte bi, suko defee ñu baña am reaction chimique yu amul njariñ diggante macceer electrode bi ak electrolyte bi.
(6) Warul yam ci njëg yu yomb ak anam wu yomb ngir defar ay mbir, waaye dafa wara baax ci environmaa bi.
Rax ci dolli, macceer katod bi dafa wara am stabilite electrochimique ak thermique bu baax.
Materialu katod yi fi nekk mën nañu leen xaaj ñatti pàcc, lépp di aju ci seeni wuute ci jëmmal: 1 jëmmal, lu ci melni oxide cobalt litium (LiCoO2) ak jumtukaayi ternaire (LiNiCo, Mni{1}}x{2}}yO2); jëmmal olivin, lu melni fosfaat fer litium (LiFePO4); oxide yu am jëmmal spinel, lu ci melni oxide litium mangan (LiMn2O4) ak oksid litium mangan nikel (LiNi10.5Mn1.5O4). Xeetu katod yu bari dañu am densité energie bu wuute, màndarga electrochimique, ak njëg yu wuute, loolu mooy tax ñu mëna jëfandikoo ci wàll yu bari ak senaario yu bari. Matériel katod yu am jëmmal dañuy wax ci matériel katod yu am jëmmal mikrokristalin, li ci gëna bari mooy oxide kobalt litium, oxide manganèse cobalt litium nikel, ak oxide manganèse riche à litium. Ci ñoom, oxide kobalt litium ak oxide kobalt mangan litium ñooy produit katode yiñ gëna jëfandikoo ci batëri ion litium ci produit elektronik numérik ak batëri ion litium. Li leen di màndargaal mooy densité energie bu rëy, cycle bu baax, ak liggéey bu baax, waaye bariwaayu weñ yu melni nickel, cobalt, ak manganese moo waral njëg yi di gëna yokk.
Litium kobalt oxide katod
JB Goodenough, di gëstukat bu Amerique, jël raw gàddu gi ci Chimie, moo gis oxide cobalt de litium (LiCoO2), ba noppi Sony Corporation bu Japon moo ko njëkka jaay ci ati 1990. Ba tay, oxide cobalt litium mooy benn ci macceer katod yi am densité energie volumétrique bu gëna mag. Moo tax ñu koy jëfandikoo bu bari ci produit cellulaire yu am sac numérique yu soxla densité energie bu bari, lu ci melni telefone portable, montor yu xarañ, ak kaska Bluetooth.
Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), as one of the earliest commercially available cathode materials, possesses a volumetric energy density unmatched by other cathode materials. Electrodes prepared from LiCoO2 can achieve a compaction density exceeding 4.2 g/cm², and a specific capacity of 185 mA·h/g at high voltage (>4,45V). Rax ci dolli, LiCoO2 dafa wane yoonale elektronik ak ionik bu gëna baax, efficacité kuuraŋ, ak sarse bu gaaw, méngoo ak li batëri elektronik yi ñuy jëfandikoo ci jamono jii di sàkku, te mën nañu ko jëfandikoo ci anam wu bari. Buñu sukkandikoo ci màndarga yii, LiCoO2 mingi wéy di nekk benn ci macceer katod yi gëna baax ba leegi.
Pexem synthese yi gëna am solo ngir oxide cobalt litium ñooy synthese solide bu tàngoor wu kawe, synthese sol gel, ak coprecipitation bu tàngoor wu woyof. Synthese bu am tàngoor wu kawe mooy jaxase xorom litium ak cobalt bu am oxide wala hydroxide ci benn ratio stoichiometrik buñ tànn, ba noppi ñu lakk jaxase bi ci tàngoor wi war ci diir bu yàgg, daal di koy seddal ba noppi sefale ko, jël ko pulverise ko. Teg ci ni xeetu synthese bu am tàngoor bu kawe lañuy jëfandikoo bu bari ci liggéeyum usine yi, waaye dafay yàq jotu liggéey, dafay laaj tàngoor wu yéeg ci synthese, ba noppi dafay defar poudre yu yaatu, yu tolloowul, yu am ay deviation stoichiometric yu am solo, te loolu dafay yokk njëg yu bari.
Materialu katod fosfaat
Ci atum 1997, Goodenough ak ñeneen. ñu njëkka xalaat fosfaat fer litium (LiFePO4) muy meceer katod ngir batëri ion litium.
Rëyaayu njëg bu yomb bi, jëmmal bu dëgër bi, ak kaaraange gu rëy gi, meceer bi demna ba nekk benn ci meceer katod yiñ gëna bëgg ngir batëri lithium{0}}ion ci bus electrik yi ak sistem yiy denc kuuraŋ.
Fosfaat fer litium (LiFePO4) dafa bokk xeetu kristal ak sistem kristal bu noonu ak fosfaat fer (FePO4). Loolu dafay tekki ni produit bi du am coppite bu ndaw ci volume bi ñuy dugal/génne litium-ion, loolu dafay tere bu baax loraange yi bawoo ci yaatuwaayu volume bi wala ci wàññeeku gi. Rax ci dolli, màndarga yii dañuy tax ñu am jokko bu baax ci diggante particule yi ak additif yiy yóbbu kuuraŋ, loolu moo jur stabilite bu baax ci sikl bi ak dundu gu yàgg. Rax ci dolli, litium wen phosphate siiwna lool ci baaxna ci environmaa bi, njëg -efficacité, kaaraange gu baax, kàttan bu rëy (ci diggante 170 mA·h/g), ak platform sarse/decharge bu dëgër. Ak njariñ yooyu, litium fer phosphate mooy gëna baax ci macceer cathode ci aplikaasioŋu dencukaay energie bu mag.
Bokk na ci anam yi ñuy jëfandikoo sol{0}}gel, pexe copresipitaasioŋ, ak synthese hydrothermal. Ci anam wu leer, synthese hydrothermique dafay defar ci saasi produit biñ bëgga am ci biir autoclave ci yokk tàngoor ak pression, jëfandikoo wen, litium, ak composé phosphore yu yomb am ci biir autoclave. Xam nañu anam wii ci liggéeyam bu yomb, dayo particule yu ndaw te wuute, ak energie bu néew. Waaye amna ay jafe-jafe ci defarum usine yi, li ci njëkk mooy ñu soxla ay resintoor yuñ defaree ay resinto yu mëna dékku pression. Waaye coprecipitation dañu koy amal ci biir sistemu solution, fu morphologie precursor bi di aju ci mbir yu bari lu ci melni concentration, seytu tàngoor, yamale pH, ak viteesu yëngal. Konsidere cër bu am solo bi parametre yii def ci performance sintered LiFePO macceer, tanneef bu jaar yoon ci anam yi ñuy jàngat lu am solo la. Produit yi ñuy defaree ci anam yii, duñu yam ci am màndarga microstructure yu baax (maanaam, dayo particule yu ndaw te wuute) waaye dañuy wane itam màndarga electrochimique yu gëna baax; waaye dafay am solo lool ñu xamni liggéey bi dafa jafee xam, te jafe-jafe yi ci segg bi ak jafe-jafe yi ci wàllu yoriinu mbalit mi mën nañu am ci diiru liggéey bi.
Oxyde manganèse de litium ak matériel cathode
Litium mangan oxide
Ci gëstub macceer katod batëri ion litium, beneen macceer katod bu am solo te mën nañu ko jaay mooy macceer katod oxide litium manganese buñ defaree spinel (LiMn2O4) bi Thackeray et al. ci 1983. Oxyde litium mangan buñ yamale mingi bokk ci sistemu kristal kib. Limu gëna xam mooy LiMn2O4. Ci biir jëmmu kristal LiMn2O4, oxygen mingi ci biir jëmmu cubic bu tëju ci digg bi, waaye manganese ak oxygen dañu nekk jëmmu octaedral, ni ñu ko wane ci nataal bi ci suuf.
Manganèse barina ci nature bi, te pexem waajal spinel{0}}xeetu oxide de manganèse litium (LiMn2O4) dafa am màndarga yu bari. Yoonu synthese bi ak xaralay liggéey bi ci produit bi dañu am njeexital ci microstructure bi ak ci developpement pepp bi ci produit bi mujj. Kon, gëna baaxal anam yi ñuy defaree synthese lu am solo la ngir gëna baaxal màndarga electrochimique yi ci macceer electrode yi ci jëfandikoo gi. Fi ñu tolli nii, liggéeyukaay yi ak jàngat yi dañuy jëfandikoo bu baax ñaari xeeti pexe yu mag ngir waajal LiMn2O4: benn bi dafa sukkandiko ci jaxasoo bi am ci digganté macceer yu dëgër, lu melni reacsioŋ yu am tàngoor wu kawe, synthese buy jàppale media yu am xorom ci micro-onde, ak pajum impregnation.
Beneen wàll bi mooy coppite chimik ci biir environmaa bu ndoxe, ak misaal yuñ gëna xam lu ci melni xaralay sol{0}}gel, synthese hydrothermal, ak pexem coprecipitation. LiMnzO4 xëcc na xel mu bari ndax njariñam ci njëg, stabilite thermique bu baax, baña sarse lu bari, ak njariñ yi mu am ci environmaa bi. Waaye, jumtukaay bii amna ay jafe-jafe ci wàllu dawal welo ak dencukaay, rawatina ci tàngoor wu metti, ndax dawal welo bi dafay baaxul bu baax, moo waral mu ñàkk kàttan gu dul dellu ginaaw.
litium bu bari mangan
Lu weesu oxide manganèse litium, ay macceer yu bari ci manganèse litium xëcc nañu xel mu bari muy macceer cathode buy génn ngir batëri litium{2}}ion.
Pexem waajal lithium{0}}riche manganese{1}}macceer katode bokkuna ci pexe solide, pexe sol{3}}gel, ak pexe co{4}}precipitation. Xeetu solide bi mooy jaxase directement oxide metal ak carbonate metal wala hydroxyde metal ci benn portion, daal di topp ci reaction solide bu tàng ngir am litium bu bari ay couche. Njariñu anam solide -state mooy mën na defar ay macceer yu bari yu am litium, anam wi ñu koy waajalee yombatul, te njëg bi yomb na. Li ci baaxul mooy koeffisientu diffusion bu solid bi ci sintering bu dëgër bi, ak ni metaal transition yu bari yi am diffusion bu wuute ci reaction bu solid bi, te loolu taxna particule yi duñu mëna diffuser bu baax. Kon, uniformité ci macceer biñ defar baaxul, te loolu dafay gàllankoor performance macceer cathode bi. Xeetu sol{18}gel mooy ñu njëkka sotti benn solution xorom buy jàll ci integrateur bi ngir sos sol, ba noppi ñu evapore ndox mi mu nekk gel, ba noppi ñu mujjee ko weer ba noppi ñu lakk ko ngir am lithium bu bari ci ay couche. Bokk na ci anam yi ñuy defaree ay mbir yu am distribution bu maase ak sell bu rëy, ba noppi electrode yi ñuy defar dañuy wane performance electrochimique yu baax. Waaye, li ci baaxul mooy defar bi dafay yàgg, fàww ñu am integratër yu bari (asid organik wala etilen glycol), te loolu dafay jur njëg yu bari. Rax ci dolli, litium biñ defaree ay couche yu bari ay particule nano/micron lañu, te densité bi daa tuuti. Moo tax, anam wii ñu ngi koy gëna jëfandikoo ci labo yi ngir defar ay mbir yu bari litium te jafe na jaay.
Materialu katod nikel bu kawe
Gëstukat yi yàgg nañu wut stabilite ci tàngoor wu kawe ak liggéey bu baax muy mébet bu njëkk bi ñuy defar katod
jumtukaayi batëri ion litium. Ci ñatti mbir yu mag yi - LiCoO2, LiNi610ConMnO2 (NCM), ak LiFePO4 - NCM dañu jàpp ni bokk na ci mbir yi gëna am njariñ ci wàllu katod ndax kàttan gu gëna rëy gi gëna xéewale, gëna yomb LiCoO2, ak gëna baax ci environmaa bi ak njëg yu gëna xéewale ci jumtukaayi cosaan.
Xeetu macceer boobu amna benn -NaFeO2-xeetu kristal bu lalu ci diisaay te bokk na ci grupu espace R-3m. Liu ak ñeneen ñi ñoo njëkka fësal xalaat boobu. ci 1999. Dafa boole ci anam wu xarañ njariñu ñatti mbir yu am katod ({7}} oxide cobalt litium (LiCoO2), oxide nickel litium (LiNiO2), ak oxide litium mangan (LiMnO2) - te dafay dindi bu baax mbir yu gàtt yi. Suñu yamalee ratio bi ci ëmbeefi wen yiy jàll, dinga mëna am ekilibre bu baax ci diggante kàttan yi, performance cycle bi, kaaraange gi ak njëg yi.
Jariñu kristal bu litium nikel kobalt mangan oxide (NCM) macceer katod ternaire dafay nuru bu LiCoO2, ñoom ñaar ñépp bokk ci jariñu hexagonal.
